표 3 / Table 3 노년층의 초기 2초 구간 삼킴 전후 비교 / The pre- & post-swallowing comparison in the first 2-sec. section in the elderly

Variables	Swallowing		Mean(±SD)	t-value	p-value
F0	M	pre-	168.761(±34.50)	1.44	.160
		post-	164.841(±35.84)
	F	pre-	244.629(±36.43)	0.42	.674
		post-	241.121(±50.75)
STD	pre-		2.714(±2.03)	-4.68	<.001***
	post-		8.074(±8.75)
PER	pre-		365.800(±119.50)	-1.36	.178
	post-		384.900(±128.39)
Jitt	pre-		0.508(±0.36)	-5.47	<.001***
	post-		0.823(±0.59)
Jita	pre-		26.803(±22.06)	-5.00	<.001***
	post-		45.803(±40.50)
RAP	pre-		0.295(±0.22)	-4.70	<.001***
	post-		0.464(±0.36)
vF0	pre-		1.319(±0.86)	-6.45	<.001***
	post-		3.677(±2.74)
ShdB	pre-		0.196(±0.12)	-5.23	<.001***
	post-		0.333(±0.20)
Shim	pre-		2.243(±1.42)	-4.97	<.001***
	post-		3.687(±2.33)
vAm	pre-		8.742(±4.17)	-8.80	<.001***
	post-		17.471(±6.07)
NHR	pre-		0.120(±0.01)	-7.12	<.001***
	post-		0.140(±0.02)
VTI	pre-		0.036(±0.01)	-2.63	.011*
	post-		0.043(±0.01)

M, male; F, female; F0, average fundamental frequency; STD,: standard deviation of F0; PER, pitch periods; Jitt, jitter percent; Jita, absolute jitter; RAP, relative average perturbation; vF0, F0 variation; ShdB, shimmer in dB; Shim, shimmer percent; vAm, peak amplitude variation; NHR, noise to harmonic ratio; VTI, voice turbulence index; SD, standard deviation. ^* p<.05, ^** p<.01, ^*** p<.001.