표 5 / Table 5 노년층의 중기 2초 구간 삼킴 전후 비교 / The pre- & post-swallowing comparison in the second 2-sec. section in elderly

Variables	Swallowing		Average(±SD)	t-value	p-value
F0	M	pre-	169.288(±34.65)	0.95	.349
		post-	166.594(±38.03)
	F	pre-	244.766(±35.87)	0.23	.818
		post-	242.610(±59.63)
STD	pre-		2.362(±1.62)	-2.64	.010**
	post-		5.601(±9.81)
PER	pre-		371.620(±133.06)	-3.04	.003**
	post-		397.670(±129.86)
Jitt	pre-		0.490(±0.31)	-3.14	.003**
	post-		0.787(±0.87)
Jita	pre-		25.959(±19.94)	-2.74	.008**
	post-		45.671(±66.69)
RAP	pre-		0.286(±0.19)	-3.00	.004**
	post-		0.457(±0.52)
vF0	pre-		1.148(±0.68)	-2.41	.019*
	post-		2.899(±5.72)
ShdB	pre-		0.204(±0.12)	-3.39	.001**
	post-		0.339(±0.31)
Shim	pre-		2.345(±1.41)	-3.45	.001**
	post-		3.795(±3.37)
vAm	pre-		7.306(±2.64)	-6.50	<.001***
	post-		12.410(±6.02)
NHR	pre-		0.122(±0.01)	-3.09	.003**
	post-		0.141(±0.05)
VTI	pre-		0.040(±0.01)	-1.03	.307
	post-		0.042(±0.01)

M, male; F, female; F0, average fundamental frequency; STD, standard deviation of F0; PER, pitch periods; Jitt, jitter percent; Jita, absolute jitter; RAP, relative average perturbation; vF0, F0 variation; ShdB, shimmer in dB; Shim, shimmer percent; vAm, peak amplitude variation; NHR, noise to harmonic ratio; VTI, voice turbulence index; SD, standard deviation. ^* p<.05, ^** p<.01, ^*** p<.001.