Table 1. Parameter statistics for base token models for the native (top) and non-native group (bottom)

Native group	Estimate	Std. error	z value	Pr (>|z|)
(Intercept)	1.01916	0.20187	5.049	<0.0001
VOT	0.44635	0.03347	13.335	<0.0001
F0	2.56487	0.08233	31.152	<0.0001
Base token	0.54422	0.10259	5.305	<0.0001
VOT×Base token	–0.06622	0.04628	–1.431	0.152
F0×Base token	–0.02131	0.10983	–0.194	0.846

Non-native group	Estimate	Std. error	z value	Pr (>|z|)
(Intercept)	0.15201	0.09069	1.676	0.0937
VOT	0.02690	0.01625	1.656	0.0978
F0	0.52874	0.01792	29.508	<0.0001
Base token	0.32272	0.04882	6.611	<0.0001
VOT×Base token	–0.00517	0.02406	–0.215	0.8298
F0×Base token	0.21559	0.02772	7.777	<0.0001