| North Korean speakers | South Korean speakers | |
|---|---|---|
| Mean age | 22.4 years old (SD: 4.1) | 22.3 years old (SD: 3.1) |
| Hometown | Pyongan province | Seoul |
| Gender | 16 females and 6 males | 16 females and 6 males |
| Mean age of arrival (AoA) | 18.9 years old (SD: 4.9) | N/A (Born in Seoul) |
| Mean length of residence (LoR) | 3.7 years (SD: 3.4) | N/A (Born in Seoul) |
| Education background | College (4) and high school (18) | College (22) |