Appendix 2. Results of post-hoc analyses for NK in F1

Dialect	Comparison	Estimate	SE	df	z ratio	p-value
NK	[a]–[æ]	197.27	12.37	Inf	15.94	<.0001
	[a]–[e]	277.53	10.01	Inf	27.69	<.0001
	[a]–[i]	398	10.2	Inf	39.01	<.0001
	[a]–[o]	307.15	12.56	Inf	24.43	<.0001
	[a]–[u]	385.25	11.33	Inf	33.97	<.0001
	[a]–[ɯ]	359.73	10.89	Inf	33.01	<.0001
	[a]–[ʌ]	271.121	11.88	Inf	22.8	<.0001
	[æ]–[e]	80.26	12.5	Inf	6.439	<.0001
	[æ]–[i]	200.73	12.7	Inf	15.79	<.0001
	[æ]–[o]	109.88	14.64	Inf	7.5	<.0001
	[æ]–[u]	187.98	13.59	Inf	13.82	<.0001
	[æ]–[ɯ]	162.46	13.24	Inf	12.27	<.0001
	[æ]–[ʌ]	73.84	14.04	Inf	5.25	<.0001
	[e]–[i]	120.47	10.42	Inf	11.55	<.0001
	[e]–[o]	29.62	12.66	Inf	2.33	0.2718
	[e]–[u]	107.72	11.42	Inf	9.43	<.0001
	[e]–[ɯ]	82.2	11	Inf	7.47	<.0001
	[e]–[ʌ]	–6.41	11.95	Inf	–0.53	0.9995
	[i]–[o]	–90.845	12.89	Inf	–7.04	<.0001
	[i]–[u]	–12.74	11.69	Inf	–1.09	0.9591
	[i]–[ɯ]	–38.26	11.26	Inf	–3.39	0.0157
	[i]–[ʌ]	–126.88	12.22	Inf	–10.38	<.0001
	[o]–[u]	78.1	13.77	Inf	5.67	<.0001
	[o]–[ɯ]	52.58	13.42	Inf	3.91	0.0023
	[o]–[ʌ]	–35.04	14.22	Inf	–2.534	0.1811
	[u]–[ɯ]	–25.51	12.27	Inf	–2.07	0.4289
	[u]–[ʌ]	–114.13	13.13	Inf	–8.68	<.0001
	[ɯ]–[ʌ]	–88.61	12.7	Inf	–6.93	<.0001

NK, North Korean.