Appendix 3. Results of post-hoc analyses for SK in F1

Dialect	Comparison	Estimate	SE	df	z ratio	p-value
SK	[a]–[æ]	220.09	12.46	Inf	17.66	<.0001
	[a]–[e]	228.98	10.44	Inf	21.93	<.0001
	[a]–[i]	383.49	10.08	Inf	38.04	<.0001
	[a]–[o]	357.79	12.53	Inf	28.56	<.0001
	[a]–[u]	375.64	11.32	Inf	33.18	<.0001
	[a]–[ɯ]	340.31	10.86	Inf	31.33	<.0001
	[a]–[ʌ]	218.39	12.00	Inf	18.20	<.0001
	[æ]–[e]	8.89	13.09	Inf	0.68	0.9975
	[æ]–[i]	163.40	12.82	Inf	12.75	<.0001
	[æ]–[o]	137.70	14.81	Inf	9.30	<.0001
	[æ]–[u]	155.55	13.80	Inf	11.27	<.0001
	[æ]–[ɯ]	120.22	13.44	Inf	8.95	<.0001
	[æ]–[ʌ]	–1.70	14.37	Inf	–0.12	1.0
	[e]–[i]	154.50	10.84	Inf	14.26	<.0001
	[e]–[o]	128.80	13.15	Inf	9.80	<.0001
	[e]–[u]	146.65	11.98	Inf	12.24	<.0001
	[e]–[ɯ]	111.32	11.57	Inf	9.62	<.0001
	[e]–[ʌ]	–10.60	12.63	Inf	–0.84	0.9909
	[i]–[o]	–25.70	12.87	Inf	–2.00	0.4844
	[i]–[u]	–7.85	11.70	Inf	–0.67	0.9977
	[i]–[ɯ]	–43.18	11.25	Inf	–3.84	0.0031
	[i]–[ʌ]	–165.10	12.36	Inf	–13.36	<.0001
	[o]–[u]	17.85	13.87	Inf	1.29	0.9038
	[o]–[ɯ]	–17.48	13.50	Inf	–1.30	0.9009
	[o]–[ʌ]	–139.40	14.42	Inf	–9.67	<.0001
	[u]–[ɯ]	–35.33	12.38	Inf	–2.85	0.0825
	[u]–[ʌ]	–157.25	13.38	Inf	–11.75	<.0001
	[ɯ]–[ʌ]	–121.92	13.00	Inf	–9.38	<.0001

SK, South Korean.