Appendix 4. Results of post-hoc analyses for comparing NK and SK in F1

Contrast	Vowel	Estimate	SE	df	z ratio	p-value
SK - NK	[a]	–33.11	15.79	Inf	–2.10	0.04
SK - NK	[æ]	–55.93	19.20	Inf	–2.91	<.0001
SK - NK	[e]	15.44	16.36	Inf	0.94	0.35
SK - NK	[i]	–18.59	16.32	Inf	–1.14	0.25
SK - NK	[o]	–83.74	19.37	Inf	–4.32	<.0001
SK - NK	[u]	–23.49	17.79	Inf	–1.32	0.19
SK - NK	[ɯ]	–13.68	17.23	Inf	–0.79	0.43
SK - NK	[ʌ]	19.63	18.57	Inf	1.06	0.29

SK, South Korean; NK, North Korean.