Appendix 5. Results of post-hoc analyses for NK in F2

Dialect	Speech condition	Contrast	Estimate	SE	df	z ratio	p-value
NK	Reading	[a]–[æ]	–448.56	70.96	Inf	–6.32	<.0001
		[a]–[e]	–470.45	72.89	Inf	–6.45	<.0001
		[a]–[i]	–340.86	74.31	Inf	–4.59	0.0001
		[a]–[o]	507.08	62.70	Inf	8.09	<.0001
		[a]–[u]	423.38	64.67	Inf	6.55	<.0001
		[a]–[ɯ]	23.32	63.31	Inf	0.37	1.0
		[a]–[ʌ]	386.36	62.93	Inf	6.14	<.0001
		[æ]–[e]	–21.89	81.03	Inf	–0.27	1.0
		[æ]–[i]	107.70	82.32	Inf	1.31	0.8961
		[æ]–[o]	955.64	72.00	Inf	13.27	<.0001
		[æ]–[u]	871.94	73.73	Inf	11.83	<.0001
		[æ]–[ɯ]	471.88	72.54	Inf	6.51	<.0001
		[æ]–[ʌ]	834.92	72.20	Inf	11.56	<.0001
		[e]–[i]	129.59	83.99	Inf	1.54	0.7841
		[e]–[o]	977.53	73.91	Inf	13.23	<.0001
		[e]–[u]	893.83	75.59	Inf	11.82	<.0001
		[e]–[ɯ]	493.77	74.43	Inf	6.63	<.0001
		[e]–[ʌ]	856.82	74.10	Inf	11.56	<.0001
		[i]–[o]	847.94	75.32	Inf	11.26	<.0001
		[i]–[u]	764.24	76.97	Inf	9.93	<.0001
		[i]–[ɯ]	364.18	75.83	Inf	4.80	<.0001
		[i]–[ʌ]	727.23	75.51	Inf	9.63	<.0001
		[o]–[u]	–83.70	65.82	Inf	–1.27	0.9094
		[o]–[ɯ]	–483.76	64.48	Inf	–7.50	<.0001
		[o]–[ʌ]	–120.71	64.11	Inf	–1.88	0.5627
		[u]–[ɯ]	–400.06	66.40	Inf	–6.02	<.0001
		[u]–[ʌ]	–37.02	66.04	Inf	–0.56	0.9993
		[ɯ]–[ʌ]	363.05	64.70	Inf	5.61	<.0001
	Conversation	[a]–[æ]	–437.02	40.10	Inf	–10.90	<.0001
		[a]–[e]	–465.81	45.64	Inf	–10.21	<.0001
		[a]–[i]	–420.99	51.63	Inf	–8.15	<.0001
		[a]–[o]	338.46	19.81	Inf	17.09	<.0001
		[a]–[u]	171.90	26.84	Inf	6.40	<.0001
		[a]–[ɯ]	–21.62	22.22	Inf	–0.97	0.9782
		[a]–[ʌ]	272.02	21.31	Inf	12.77	<.0001
		[æ]–[e]	–28.79	58.10	Inf	–0.50	0.9997
		[æ]–[i]	16.03	63.32	Inf	0.25	1.0
		[æ]–[o]	775.48	41.18	Inf	18.83	<.0001
		[æ]–[u]	608.92	45.00	Inf	13.53	<.0001
		[æ]–[ɯ]	415.39	42.52	Inf	9.77	<.0001
		[æ]–[ʌ]	709.04	41.76	Inf	16.98	<.0001
		[e]–[i]	44.82	66.93	Inf	0.67	0.9977
		[e]–[o]	804.27	46.39	Inf	17.34	<.0001
		[e]–[u]	637.71	49.73	Inf	12.82	<.0001
		[e]–[ɯ]	444.19	47.60	Inf	9.33	<.0001
		[e]–[ʌ]	737.83	46.72	Inf	15.79	<.0001
		[i]–[o]	759.45	52.83	Inf	14.37	<.0001
		[i]–[u]	592.89	55.81	Inf	10.62	<.0001
		[i]–[ɯ]	399.37	53.73	Inf	7.43	<.0001
		[i]–[ʌ]	693.01	53.30	Inf	13.00	<.0001
		[o]–[u]	–166.56	28.34	Inf	–5.88	<.0001
		[o]–[ɯ]	–360.08	24.11	Inf	–14.94	<.0001
		[o]–[ʌ]	–66.44	22.81	Inf	–2.91	0.0699
		[u]–[ɯ]	–193.52	30.25	Inf	–6.40	<.0001
		[u]–[ʌ]	100.12	29.07	Inf	3.44	0.0134
		[ɯ]–[ʌ]	293.64	25.07	Inf	11.71	<.0001

NK, North Korean.