Appendix 6. Results of post-hoc analyses for SK in F2

Dialect	Speech condition	Contrast	Estimate	SE	df	z ratio	p-value
SK	Reading	[a]–[æ]	–710.42	70.25	Inf	–10.11	<.0001
		[a]–[e]	–744.31	71.55	Inf	–10.40	<.0001
		[a]–[i]	–506.86	73.28	Inf	–6.92	<.0001
		[a]–[o]	472.50	61.62	Inf	7.67	<.0001
		[a]–[u]	342.18	63.23	Inf	5.41	<.0001
		[a]–[ɯ]	–102.22	62.04	Inf	–1.65	0.7210
		[a]–[ʌ]	354.58	61.64	Inf	5.75	<.0001
		[æ]–[e]	–33.89	80.24	Inf	–0.42	0.9999
		[æ]–[i]	203.56	81.77	Inf	2.49	0.1998
		[æ]–[o]	1,182.91	71.51	Inf	16.54	<.0001
		[æ]–[u]	1,052.60	72.91	Inf	14.44	<.0001
		[æ]–[ɯ]	608.19	71.87	Inf	8.46	<.0001
		[æ]–[ʌ]	1,064.99	71.53	Inf	14.89	<.0001
		[e]–[i]	237.45	82.89	Inf	2.86	0.0799
		[e]–[o]	1,216.81	72.80	Inf	16.72	<.0001
		[e]–[u]	1,086.50	74.17	Inf	14.65	<.0001
		[e]–[ɯ]	642.09	73.15	Inf	8.78	<.0001
		[e]–[ʌ]	1,098.89	72.81	Inf	15.09	<.0001
		[i]–[o]	979.36	74.49	Inf	13.15	<.0001
		[i]–[u]	849.05	75.83	Inf	11.20	<.0001
		[i]–[ɯ]	404.64	74.83	Inf	5.41	<.0001
		[i]–[ʌ]	861.44	74.51	Inf	11.56	<.0001
		[o]–[u]	–130.31	64.64	Inf	–2.02	0.4710
		[o]–[ɯ]	–574.72	63.48	Inf	–9.05	<.0001
		[o]–[ʌ]	–117.92	63.08	Inf	–1.87	0.5722
		[u]–[ɯ]	–444.41	65.03	Inf	–6.83	<.0001
		[u]–[ʌ]	12.39	64.66	Inf	0.19	1.0
		[ɯ]–[ʌ]	456.80	63.49	Inf	7.19	<.0001
	Conversation	[a]–[æ]	–505.71	42.46	Inf	–11.91	<.0001
		[a]–[e]	–591.23	51.40	Inf	–11.50	<.0001
		[a]–[i]	–511.00	49.32	Inf	–10.36	<.0001
		[a]–[o]	292.64	21.77	Inf	13.44	<.0001
		[a]–[u]	112.17	29.72	Inf	3.77	0.004
		[a]–[ɯ]	–85.49	24.66	Inf	–3.47	0.0123
		[a]–[ʌ]	326.83	26.63	Inf	12.27	<.0001
		[æ]–[e]	–85.52	64.34	Inf	–1.33	0.8880
		[æ]–[i]	–5.29	62.75	Inf	–0.08	1.0
		[æ]–[o]	798.35	44.48	Inf	17.95	<.0001
		[æ]–[u]	617.88	48.82	Inf	12.66	<.0001
		[æ]–[ɯ]	420.22	46.01	Inf	9.13	<.0001
		[æ]–[ʌ]	832.54	47.02	Inf	17.71	<.0001
		[e]–[i]	80.23	68.97	Inf	1.16	0.9422
		[e]–[o]	883.87	52.98	Inf	16.68	<.0001
		[e]–[u]	703.40	56.53	Inf	12.44	<.0001
		[e]–[ɯ]	505.74	54.21	Inf	9.33	<.0001
		[e]–[ʌ]	918.06	55.02	Inf	16.69	<.0001
		[i]–[o]	803.64	51.00	Inf	15.76	<.0001
		[i]–[u]	623.17	54.83	Inf	11.37	<.0001
		[i]–[ɯ]	425.51	52.18	Inf	8.15	<.0001
		[i]–[ʌ]	837.83	53.21	Inf	15.75	<.0001
		[o]–[u]	–180.47	32.47	Inf	–5.56	<.0001
		[o]–[ɯ]	–378.13	27.94	Inf	–13.53	<.0001
		[o]–[ʌ]	34.19	29.63	Inf	1.15	0.9446
		[u]–[ɯ]	–197.66	34.55	Inf	–5.72	<.0001
		[u]–[ʌ]	214.66	35.80	Inf	6.00	<.0001
		[ɯ]–[ʌ]	412.32	31.68	Inf	13.01	<.0001

SK, South Korean.